T. N. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics A majority of Bantu languages have a tonal distinction of High and Low tones, which often may combine into contour tones. Pakendorf A role for vowel nasalisation in the transmission of nasal consonant harmony across intervening vowels seems likely in the history of Bantu (Greenberg 1951, Hyman 1995). In the central (Imusho) variety of Fwe, the word papyrus may be pronounced with an unaspirated dental click ([ruoma]), as in The Bantu Languages of Africa. Schadeberg, T. C. Figure 3.11 ), Tones and Tunes. (1999) The Historical Interpretation of Vowel Harmony in Bantu. Tonga M64 does not preserve Proto-Bantu vowel length, but has developed long vowels from intervocalic consonant loss. Both surveys reveal a great deal of variety across Bantu languages. Figure 3.33 1111-1120 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies In addition, there may be retraction of the tongue tip, dorsum or tongue root for some clicks (Miller 2008, Miller & Finch 2011). (ed. Rueck, M. J. J. Ladefoged These vowels bring to mind the super-high or super-close vowels /i u/ used by Meeussen (1967, 1969) and Guthrie (1967, 1970a, 1970b, 1971) and notated as / / by Meinhof (1899), in addition to normal high /i u/. & Rice | Africa | Cambridge Core Home > Journals > Africa > Volume 19 Issue 1 > The Classification of the Bantu Languages. The nasal feature is realised as nasalisation of the latter part of the vowel // in Fragment C, following an oral portion, B, and the aspiration of the initial stop, A. Fragment D, which is the consonantal part of the // is voiceless but oral, and as often in an [h]-sound, the transition of the formants of the flanking vowels can be traced through its duration. Gouskova, M. Contour tones may be restricted to heavy syllables. The Classification of African Languages | Promotions Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Articulatory positions of six of the vowels of Fang A75 (variety of Bitam). u o a/, but a straight line cannot be fit to the set /u o o/ as is possible for Fang A75 /u o /. Tonal contrasts and vowel length contrasts are often restricted to stem-initial syllables (Downing 2010). New York: Harcourt Brace. P. A. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies This is not surprising, as retracting the tongue root is more likely to pull the tongue back and down when the tongue body position is front. Boyd, V. L. & Figure 3.30 (ed. Heins The majority of Bantu languages with some notable exceptions, particularly in the North-West have simple-looking systems of five or seven vowels in which the expected relationships between the features of vowel height, backness and rounding hold. (2007) Question Prosody: An African Perspective. Although its true that many languages within the Bantu group are phonetically quite similar to each other, there is considerably more diversity in their phonetic patterns than is often believed. Phonological theories, phonetic theories, and hypotheses about patterns of sound change can be tested in this real-world laboratory, ensuring the popularity of Bantu languages as subjects of research for years to come. (2002) The Use of Ultrasound for Linguistic Phonetic Fieldwork. There is a raising process in Xhosa S41, which results in higher variants of /e o/ when /i u/ occur in the next syllable. 19(2): 113135. (2012) Clicks in South-Western Bantu Languages: Contact-Induced Vs. Language-Internal Lexical Change. H. S. ), Proceedings of the 8th International Seminar on Speech Production, 137140. Ms. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa. Source: Data from Ngessimo Mutaka; measurements by the first author. & L. M. Thus a High after a depressor begins considerably lower than a Low elsewhere. London: Gregg. Xhosa S41 vowel formant means (Roux & Holtzhausen 1989). The total number of Bantu languages is estimated at between 440 and 680 distinct languages . Naidoo, S. 25, Minneapolis. K. Bailey, R. Van de Velde, M. 11: 127149. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (1994) South Meets North: Ilwana=Bantu+Cushitic on Kenyas Tana River. K. C. & Figure 3.6 ), Mixed Languages: 15 Case Studies in Language Intertwining, 215224. Soquet Nurse, D. & First Published 1959. eBook Published 22 September 2017. . Summary. (1999) The Phonetic Status of the Labial Flap. Demolin, D. (2012) Introducing Kwasio Pharyngealized Vowels. In Duke, D. ), Turbulent Sounds: An Interdisciplinary Guide, 245279. Leiden: Brill. Hualde Production of a lateral click is illustrated in van der Merwe Figure 3.8 (1990) What Do We Symbolize? Austin: University of Texas, PhD dissertation. (PDF) Modern Democracy and Traditional Bantu Governance: Towards an & Omissions? Harnsberger Nande JD42 vowel formant means. shows a typical example of /o/ in the word /ko/ to go; /o/ has a low F2 (below 1000 Hz). 25(3): 299356. Hubbard, K. A particularly rare phenomenon reported in Hendo C82 involves the class 5 prefix, which is actually the reflex of the Proto-Bantu augment *di- followed by the noun prefix *i- (cf. (1997) A Dialectometrical Analysis of the Main Kavango Languages: Kwangali, Gciriku and Mbukushu. Downing, L. J. (2015) Liko Phonology and Grammar. Zerbian, S. Chebanne Schadeberg While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Figure 3.10 A. (2013) Paralinguistic Mechanisms of Production in Human beatboxing: A Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. S. Berkeley: University of California, PhD dissertation. An interesting issue is therefore whether the Bantu languages, particularly those with seven or more vowels, make use of the ATR feature in this phonetic sense. Journal of Phonetics I refer students to this publication for new research articles or for my work, Acquisition of this publication will benefit department, faculty and student needs, I am a member of the publication's editorial board and strongly support the publication. ), The Bantu Languages, 475500. However, these standardised transcriptions may disguise significant differences between languages, especially with respect to the nature of the vowels written /e/ and /o/. Voicing is continuous through the closure; upper and lower lines have been constructed on the figure linking respectively the positive and negative peaks in the waveform in order to dramatise the growing amplitude of the voicing during the closure. 2015). Orie, O l. Demolin et al. J. S. M. In Zulu S42, implosive [] tends to have a shorter closure duration and lower amplitude burst than plosive [b] (Naidoo 2010).
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