The Eastern Region seceded to form the Republic of Biafra in 1967, and up to three million died in the Biafra War with the federal government until the republic was lost in 1970. This question is concerned with the political geography concepts of supra-nationalism and devolution. A. The process of moving from centralized to decentralized power is called devolution. The military governed reunited Nigeria until 1979 when there was a 4-year democratic interlude called the Second Nigerian Republic, with a new constitution. But the challenges the "giant of Africa" faces are still grave. - Definitions, Laws & Rules, What Is Parole? Devolution: Examples | What is Devolution? - Study.com A classic example of devolution is a group demanding more autonomy from the central government. In Italy, the richer north pushed for autonomy from the poorer south. Devolution: A Canadian Solution to Excessive Federal Ownership of All of the following factors can be considered devolutionary forces 1c. 2 - Outline of the Republic of Biafra (approximate borders), 1967-1970. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 3 0 obj Devolution usually refers to the transfer of power from higher to lower levels of government. Spatial factors are another force at play in devolution. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Factors such as the presence of a distinct regional or local identity, the history of relations between different levels of government, and the extent to which regional or local traditions and practices are valued can all influence the devolutionary process. Some of the world's most contentious and vexing disputes involve territory in: Crimea. - Definition, Examples, Pros & Cons, Autocracy: Definition, Types, Advantages, Disadvantages & Examples, Dartmouth College v. Woodward: Summary & Overview, Devolution: Definition, Theory & Examples, Executive Agreement: Definition & Examples, Executive Privilege: Definition & Examples, Freedom from Self-Incrimination: Definition & Overview, Freedom from Unreasonable Search and Seizure: Definition & Amendment, Gibbons v. Ogden: Summary, Decision & Impact, Sedition Act of 1798: Definition & Summary, Texas v. Johnson in 1989: Summary, Decision & Significance, The Case of McCulloch v. Maryland: Summary, Decision & Significance, The Commerce Clause: Definition, Analysis & Cases, The Establishment Clause: Definition & Cases, The Right to Bear Arms: Definition, Amendment & Debate, The Supremacy Clause: Definition & Example, What is Freedom of the Press? Nigeria has pursued decentralization progressively since independence in the 1960s and is now in the Fourth Republic. Sub-nationalism can be driven by a variety of factors, including cultural or linguistic differences, economic disparities, or a desire to protect regional or local traditions and practices. Recursive Writing Process & Stages | What is the Recursive Writing Process? 4.4 Canada - World Regional Geography - University of Minnesota All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Devolution - Federalism in America - CSF Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Winning the vote, a Scottish Parliament and Welsh National Assembly were established in those countries. Groups that have ethno-nationalist views see themselves as distinct nations with the right to control their own territory. The civil wars within former Yugoslavia have cost thousands of lives and destroyed an infrastructure that had taken decades to build. This discussion on states and boundaries leads us into the main topic of this AP Human Geography study guide, devolution. Relinquishing of autonomy to internal units, Process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government. Iraq is a multi-ethnic state with a complex political landscape, and regional and ethnic tensions have contributed to the fragmentation of the state and the emergence of competing power centers. Examples of devolution include systems in place in Canada, Spain, Belgium, the UK, and Nigeria. The notion of the modern state developed in Europe in the early eighteenth century. It's made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and is governed by Parliament in London. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. After 50 years of communist rule, centrifugal forces in the 1980s increased multiculturalism, multi-nationalism, and economic troubles. Well give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery in AP Human Geography. In some cases, devolution may involve the transfer of decision-making authority over certain policy areas, such as education or health care, from the central government to regional or local governments. Are you a teacher or administrator interested in boosting AP Human Geography student outcomes? However, before devolution, the situation in the Canadian territories was strikingly similar to the one in the American West today. There are several challenges to the political-territorial world order dominated by national governments. Many separatist groups exist on the periphery and suffer from political and economic inequality and unequal treatment. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. The Black Sea peninsula with its predominantly ethnic Russian population became a part of Ukraine in 1954, when both Russia and Ukraine were part of the Soviet Union.
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