Ackermann M, Verleden SE, Kuehnel M, Haverich A, Welte T, Laenger F, et al. ACE2 angiotensin-converting enzyme-2, AXL AXL receptor tyrosine kinase, EndoMT endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, NO nitric oxide, SASP senescence-associated secretory phenotype. COVID-19 is associated with several common symptoms in the acute phase that can linger during recovery. The net effect of SARS-COV-2 infection induced senescence and angiogenesis is potentially dependent on stage of disease. Neurological implications of COVID-19: role of redox imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction. The polypharmacological profile of metformin makes it a promising candidate drug to be repurposed for controlling inflammation tsunami in diabetic COVID-19 patients [124]. Eapen MS, Lu W, Gaikwad AV, Bhattarai P, Chia C, Hardikar A, et al. N Engl J Med. 2021;128:13236. EBioMedicine. Syndecan-1 level in patients correlates with the levels of thrombomodulin, TNF- and IL-6 and signify higher level of endothelial inflammatory reactions. Cell. 2021;321:L477l84. These drugs include lipid-lowering drugs, anti-hypertensive drugs, anti-diabetic drugs, anti-VEGF agents, anti-coagulatory drugs, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory drugs and others. The Sexual Long COVID (SLC): Erectile Dysfunction as a Biomarker of Systemic Complications for COVID-19 Long Haulers - PubMed. Vitamin C is an essential, safe and inexpensive nutrient [152] that has anti-oxidant, anti-infectious, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and immune-modulatory effects [153]. Hemil H, de Man AME. Colchicine is an anti-inflammatory drug traditionally used in gout and familial Mediterranean fever [143, 144]. Torices S, Motta C, da Rosa B, Marcos A, Alvarez-Rosa L, Siqueira M, et al. 2021;96:256175. Life Sci. Glycocalyx layer regulates vascular barrier integrity, leukocyte adhesion, mechanosensing, mechanotransduction, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic functions [109]. Raghavan S, Kenchappa DB, Leo MD. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Toscano O, Cosentino N, Campodonico J, Bartorelli AL, Marenzi G. Acute myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic: an update on clinical characteristics and outcomes. Heparin prevents in vitro glycocalyx shedding induced by plasma from COVID-19 patients. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in early 2020, emerging evidence has demonstrated endothelial dysfunction as the unifying and central mechanism of COVID-19 [6]. Cell Res. We determined the pooled prevalence of such chemosensory deficits in a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2021;6:eabh2259. 5. Pharmacol Res. Thermoregulatory dysfunction energy subsidy | energy.gov.au Management includes warming measures, hydration, and cardiovascular support. QJM. Airway, lung parenchymal, pulmonary vascular, and respiratory neuromuscular disorders all feature in COVID-19. Physiological functions of the vascular endothelium include: (1) maintenance of barrier integrity; (2) regulation of vascular tone; (3) regulation of hemostasis; (4) maintenance of an anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-thrombotic interface; (5) regulation of anti-proliferative properties, and (6) regulation of cellular metabolism of ATP, glucose, amino acids, etc. 2021;9:1220. Circulation. Ambrosino P, Calcaterra IL, Mosella M, Formisano R, DAnna SE, Bachetti T, et al. The relationship between mechanisms and biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19 is provided in Fig. Endothelial dysfunction is generally defined as decreased NO bioavailability and an increase in vasoconstrictory substances (such as endothelin-1 (ET1), angiotensin II (AngII) and many others). 2022;140:22235. Vollenberg R, Tepasse PR, Ochs K, Floer M, Strauss M, Rennebaum F, et al. J Thrombosis Haemost. The vascular endothelium, the innermost layer of blood vessels, provides a dynamic interface between the circulating blood and various tissues/organs and thereby maintaining tissue homeostasis. Overall, a plethora of biomarkers of endothelial cell activation and injury have been proposed and validated preclinically and in human patients, offering effective diagnostic tools for monitoring endothelial function in COVID-19. A review of acute limb ischemia in COVID-positive patients. 2021;163:15362. 2022;36:e22052. Because each symptom can be traced to the autonomic nervous system and its dysfunction, a platform for investigation is clear. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help It is initially conceived that ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) or Ang-II receptor blockers (ARBs), two widely-used anti-hypertensive drugs targeting the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), could increase the vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 by upregulating the expression of ACE-2. Initial assessment and management of respiratory infections in persons Combinatorial treatment of human ECs with TNF- and IFN- increased the expression of ACE2, the receptor mediating viral entry via JAK/STAT1 pathway [13]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. The endothelium, the widely-distributed organ of the human body, is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis by producing a variety of vasoactive molecules. Zha D, Fu M, Qian Y. Vascular endothelial glycocalyx damage and potential targeted therapy in COVID-19. J Hepatol. Theranostics. Apply for the Thermoregulatory Dysfunction Energy Subsidy - WA Front Med. Am J Respiratory Crit Care Med. Aging. In light of the multiple endothelial protective effects exerted by SGLT2 inhibitors [127], this type of drug hold promises to treat COVID-19 patients with T2DM. 2020;395:14178. EClinicalMedicine. ACE2 is a key regulator of RAAS by catalyzing the production of Ang-(17) from AngII, and the Ang-(17) can act on MAS receptor to combat the harmful effects caused by activation of RAAS[87, 130]. High-dose intravenous vitamin C decreases rates of mechanical ventilation and cardiac arrest in severe COVID-19. Vasculopathy in COVID-19. 2022;9:844228. 2020;26:101732. XDB38010100). Forensic Sci Med Pathol. Int J Infect Dis. Lancet Rheumatol. In terms of the important role of EndoMT in multiple vascular diseases, further mechanistic characterization of EndoMT in COVID-19 patients as well as convalescent patients is urgently needed. A significant proportion of people who test positive for COVID-19 have chemosensory deficits. 01 May 2023 01:18:34 Treatment with a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody-tocilizumab, decreased the PAI-1 level and alleviated critical illness in severe COVID-19 patients. Heterogeneous ACE2 expression and endothelial damage was observed in COVID-19 autopsy tissues. 2021;65:2226. In this study we assessed both olfaction and gustation using psychophysical tests eight months after COVID-19. The zinc finger transcription factor, KLF2, protects against COVID-19 associated endothelial dysfunction. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Acta Pharmacologica Sinica (Acta Pharmacol Sin)
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